高一知识点 现在完成时的被动语态
高一知识点 现在完成时的被动语态
知识点名:现在完成时的被动语态
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讲义:
现在完成时的被动语态
1. 概念:
现在完成时的被动语态,强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或表示过去的动作或状态一直持续到现在,但主语为动作的承受者,表示“……已经被……”。例如:
The new school has been set up.新学校已经建成了。
2. 形式:
(1)现在完成时的被动语态的肯定式为:have/has+been+done。例如:
The experiment has been done successfully.这个实验做得很成功。
(2)现在完成时的被动语态的否定式为:have/has+not+been+done。例如:
Tom's novel has not been published.Tom的小说还没有被出版。
(3)现在完成时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将have/has提到主语的前面。例如:
Has his bike been repaired?他的自行车修好了吗?
(4)现在完成时的被动语态的特殊疑问句为:
如果针对句子的主语提问,其句型为:疑问词+have/has+been+done? 例如:
Who has been invited?谁受到了邀请?
如果针对句子其它成分提问,其句型为:疑问词+have/has+主语+done? 例如:
Where have you seen the film?你在哪儿看这部电影?
How has he improved his English pronunciation?他是怎么改善他的英语发音的?
3. 用法:
(1)强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如:
The problem has already been solved.问题已经解决了。
(2)表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在,常与for或since引导的时间状语连用,或用于“How long ...?”句型中。例如:
Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours.公司的财务问题已被讨论了近两个小时了。
How long has the building been built?这栋楼建了多久了?
注意:
1. 过去分词前的助动词的形式是have/has+been,不可漏掉其中的任何一个。例如:
【译】自从1980年以来很多新的建筑被建成了。
【误】Many new buildings been built since 1980.
【正】Many new buildings have been built since 1980.
【析】谓语部分结构不全,时态部分不完整。
2. 必须用于表示被动的语境中。例如:
(1)【译】他身上发生了不好的事情。
【误】Something bad has been happened to him.
【正】Something bad has happened to him.
【析】被动语态误用。happen为不及物动词,不及物动词没有被动语态。
(2)【译】机器自动启动了。
【误】The machine has been started by itself.
【正】The machine has started by itself.
【析】有些动词如start,open,drop等既可以作及物动词,又可以作不及物动词,若不强调谁是动作的发出者,我们通常用主动语态。by itself意思是“自动,无人操作”,因此,此句不可用被动语态。
3. 由finish,buy,start,begin,post,return,borrow,join,marry,open等短暂性动词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days,for a long time等连用,如需表达这样的意思,可改变动词或时态。例如:
【译】这本书买了多久了?
【误】How long has this book been bought?
【正】How long ago was this book bought?
这类动词的否定式可与since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:
No books have been bought since last week.自上周以来,没有人来买过书。
注意:
短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在被动结构中要保持完整性,不可省略短语动词中的介词或副词。例如:
The orphan has been well looked after.这个孤儿一直受到很好的照顾。
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